【included和including用法】在英语学习中,"included" 和 "including" 是两个常被混淆的词,它们虽然都与“包含”有关,但用法和语境却大不相同。为了帮助大家更好地区分这两个词,本文将从语法结构、使用场景以及常见错误等方面进行总结,并通过表格形式清晰展示两者的区别。
一、基本定义与用法
单词 | 含义 | 用法类型 | 常见搭配 |
included | 被包含的 | 过去分词 | be included in, be included in the list |
including | 包括(某事物) | 动名词或介词 | including..., including the... |
二、详细解释
1. included 的用法
- 作为过去分词使用,表示“被包含”的状态。
- 通常用于被动语态中,强调的是“某物被包括在某个整体中”。
- 常见结构:be + included + in/on/under...
例句:
- The price includes a free gift.(价格包含一份礼物。)
- All participants are included in the list.(所有参与者都被列在名单中。)
> 注意:当句子中出现“all”、“both”等表示全部的词时,included 更为常见。
2. including 的用法
- 作为动名词或介词使用,表示“包括……在内”。
- 强调的是“列举部分”,后面可以接名词或代词。
- 常见结构:including + 名词/代词
例句:
- The package includes food, water, and shelter.(这个包裹包括食物、水和庇护所。)
- The team includes three girls and two boys.(这支队伍包括三个女孩和两个男孩。)
> 注意:including 一般用于主动语态,强调“列举”。
三、常见错误对比
错误用法 | 正确用法 | 原因说明 |
The meeting is included in the schedule. | The meeting is included in the schedule. | 正确,但更自然的说法是:The meeting is on the schedule. |
The list contains all names, including me. | The list contains all names, including me. | 正确,表示“包括我在内”。 |
This package includes free shipping, included in the price. | This package includes free shipping, which is included in the price. | 重复使用“included”会显得冗余。 |
四、总结
项目 | included | including |
词性 | 过去分词 | 动名词/介词 |
用法 | 被动语态,强调“被包含” | 主动语态,强调“包括……” |
位置 | 通常放在主语之后 | 通常放在列举内容之前 |
例子 | The event is included in the program. | The program includes music, dance, and drama. |
通过以上对比可以看出,included 更多用于被动结构,强调“被包含”;而 including 则用于主动结构,强调“包括……在内”。掌握这两者的区别有助于在写作和口语中更加准确地表达意思,避免常见的语法错误。